关键字:
(1)as给列以别名显示:select username as 用户名 from t_user;(这里的as关键字可以省略)
(2)distinct去掉重复的行:select distinct username from t_user;
(3)使用运算符:select age+10 from t_user;(给每个人的年龄都加10岁)
(4)in匹配集合中的任意值:select * from t_user where username in('马文涛','宝宝');
(5)like模糊查询:%匹配0个或多个任意字符,_匹配1个任意字符。
select * from t_user where username like '%涛%';
select * from t_user where username like '张__';
(6)null判断某列为空:select * from t_user where sex is null;
(这里用is,不能用=,如果要返回不为null的记录就可以用is not null)
(7)order by排序:ASC: 升序排列(可以省略),DESC: 降序排列
升序:select u.userid,u.username from t_user u order by u.userid;
降序:select u.userid,u.username from t_user u order by u.userid desc;
(8)系统函数(对一组数据进行处理,返回一个值):
AVG–求平均值,COUNT–统计记录数,MAX–最大值,MIN–最小值,SUM–求和
<1>返回最小和最大的工资: select min(sal),max(sal) from emp;
<2>返回总记录数: select count(*) from emp;
<3>返回某个字段不为空的记录数: select count(comm) from emp;
<4>返回不为空且不重复的记录数: select count(distinct job) from emp;
(9)group by分组(分组了就不能直接返回*,经常和聚合函数count(age)一起使用):
<1>单字段,按部门号分组,并统计每部门人数:select deptno,count(*) from emp group by deptno;
<2>多字段,按性别和年龄分组: select sex,age,count(*) from t_user group by sex,age;
group by有一个原则,就是 select 后面的所有列中,排除聚合函数的列,必须出现在 group by 后面。
(10)having过滤分组:select username from t_user group by username having count(*) >=2;
一、伪列 【不用你创建,只要创建完表,自己就会存在的】
rowid【用来寻址用的,我想找到表中的某一行,通过rowid定位】
rownum【代表行号,来标记一行,唯一的号码的】
select owner from t where rownum <=10; 伪列 rowid
delete from t where rownum<=10000;(删除t表10000行)
二、聚合函数
avg(平均值)
SQL> select avg(gongzi) from t2;
sum(求和)
SQL> select sum(gongzi) from t2;
min(最小值)
SQL> select min(gongzi) from t2;
max(最大值)
SQL> select max(gongzi) from t2;
count(行计数)
SQL> select count(*) from t2;
三、模糊查询like ( _代表1个字符,%代表0或多个字符)
SQL> select OBJECT_NAME,owner from t where owner like '_TT';
SQL> select * from t where owner like '%TT%';
四、null操作【is null(空) is not null (非空)】
SQL> select * from t where owner is null;
SQL> select * from t where owner is not null;
五、between 某范围之间
select * from emp where sal between 1000 and 5000; 【等价下面的】
select * from emp where sal >= 1000 and sal<=5000;
(OBJECT_ID值在10000到20000之间)
六、字符串连接
SQL> select id,xingming from t1;
SQL> select '工号:'||id||','||' 姓名:'||xingming from t1;
select '工号' || id as abc ,'姓名' || name from t_user;
七、length
select length('##123##') len from dual;
八、LTRIM,RTRIM,TRIM【多用于处理空格】
LTRIM:左删除----left
RTRIM:右删除----right
TRIM:删除串两边的字符
select length('123') len1, length(ltrim(' 123 ')) lentrim from dual;
select length('123') len1, length(rtrim(' 123 ')) lentrim from dual;
select length('123') len1, length(trim(' 123 ')) lentrim from dual;
九、TO_CHAR 是把日期或数字转换为字符串
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
SQL> select to_char(123,'9999.00') from dual;
SQL> select to_char(12333,'$99,999.99') from dual;
SQL> select to_char(123334444,'$99,999.99') from dual;
十、substr 截取函数
SQL> select substr('12345',2,3) from dual;
(截取从第二个字符开始的3个字符)
select substr('1234523232323',2) from dual;
(截取从第二个字符开始,一直到字符串结束)
SQL> select substr('123456789',-5) from dual;
(截取后5位)
十一、字符是否包含instr(string,substring,position,occurrence)
string:代表源字符串
substring:代表想从源字符串中查找的子串
position:代表查找开始的位置,默认为1
occurrence:代表查找值第几次出现,结果为字符串的位置
没有找到,instr函数返回0.
SELECT instr('syranmo','s') FROM dual; -- 返回 1
SELECT instr('syranmo','ra') FROM dual; -- 返回 3
SELECT instr('syran mo','a',1,2) FROM dual; -- 返回 0
(根据条件,由于a只出现一次,第四个参数2,就是说第2次出现a的位置,显然第2次是没有再出现了,所以结果返回0。注意空格也算一个字符!)
SELECT instr('syranmo','an',-1,1) FROM dual; -- 返回 4
(就算是由右到左数,索引的位置还是要看‘an’的左边第一个字母的位置,所以这里返回4)
SELECT instr('abc','d') FROM dual; -- 返回 0
注:也可利用此函数来检查 'abc' 中是否包含 'd',如果返回0表示不包含,否则表示包含。
十二、abs 绝对值
SQL> select abs(-5) from dual; (返回值为5)
SQL> select abs(5.5) from dual;(返回值为5.5)
十三、Round 函数 (四舍五入)
SQL> select round(123.123) from dual;
SQL> select round(123.8) from dual;
十四、trunc 取整【 截掉小数点后值,不会四舍五入】
SQL> select 3/2 from dual;
SQL> select trunc(-3/2),ceil(-3/2),floor(-3/2),-3/2 from dual;
十五、to_date 把字符串转换成日期
SQL> create table tt2(id int,time date);
SQL> insert into tt2 values (1,to_date('2011-11-11 11:11:11','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'));
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as nowTime from dual; //日期转化为字符串
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') as nowYear from dual; //获取时间的年
select to_char(sysdate,'mm') as nowMonth from dual; //获取时间的月
select to_char(sysdate,'dd') as nowDay from dual; //获取时间的日
select to_char(sysdate,'hh24') as nowHour from dual; //获取时间的时
select to_char(sysdate,'mi') as nowMinute from dual; //获取时间的分
select to_char(sysdate,'ss') as nowSecond from dual; //获取时间的秒
求某天是星期几
select to_char(to_date('2015-06-09','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual; ---周天
两个日期间的天数
select floor(sysdate - to_date('20150501','yyyymmdd')) from dual;
select sysdate - to_date('20150501','yyyymmdd') from dual;
select trunc(sysdate - to_date('20150501','yyyymmdd')) from dual;
月份差
select months_between(to_date('03-31-2015','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('01-31-2015','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL;
select months_between(to_date('03-31-2015','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('01-15-2015','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL;
一年的第几天
select TO_CHAR(to_date('2015-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd'),'DDD'),sysdate from dual;
十六、Replace替换函数
select replace('abc','b','######') from dual;
十七、lpad [左添充] rpad [右填充](用于控制输出格式)
select lpad('func',7,'=') s1, rpad('func',7,'-') s2 from dual;